92 results
The dry sky: future scenarios for humanity's modification of the atmospheric water cycle
- Patrick W. Keys, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Michele-Lee Moore, Agnes Pranindita, Fabian Stenzel, Olli Varis, Rekha Warrier, R. Bin Wong, Paolo D'Odorico, Carl Folke
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- Journal:
- Global Sustainability / Volume 7 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 March 2024, e11
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Non-Technical Summary
Human societies are changing where and how water flows through the atmosphere. However, these changes in the atmospheric water cycle are not being managed, nor is there any real sense of where these changes might be headed in the future. Thus, we develop a new economic theory of atmospheric water management, and explore this theory using creative story-based scenarios. These scenarios reveal surprising possibilities for the future of atmospheric water management, ranging from a stock market for transpiration to on-demand weather. We discuss these story-based futures in the context of research and policy priorities in the present day.
Technical SummaryHumanity is modifying the atmospheric water cycle, via land use, climate change, air pollution, and weather modification. Historically, atmospheric water was implicitly considered a ‘public good’ since it was neither actively consumed nor controlled. However, given anthropogenic changes, atmospheric water can become a ‘common-pool’ good (consumable) or a ‘club’ good (controllable). Moreover, advancements in weather modification presage water becoming a ‘private’ good, meaning both consumable and controllable. Given the implications, we designed a theoretical framing of atmospheric water as an economic good and used a combination of methods in order to explore possible future scenarios based on human modifications of the atmospheric water cycle. First, a systematic literature search of scholarly abstracts was used in a computational text analysis. Second, the output of the text analysis was matched to different parts of an existing economic goods framework. Then, a group of global water experts were trained and developed story-based scenarios. The resultant scenarios serve as creative investigations of the future of human modification of the atmospheric water cycle. We discuss how the scenarios can enhance anticipatory capacity in the context of both future research frontiers and potential policy pathways including transboundary governance, finance, and resource management.
Social Media SummaryStory-based scenarios reveal novel future pathways for the management of the atmospheric water cycle.
The predictive role of symptoms in COVID-19 diagnostic models: A longitudinal insight
- Olivia Bird, Eva P. Galiza, David Neil Baxter, Marta Boffito, Duncan Browne, Fiona Burns, David R. Chadwick, Rebecca Clark, Catherine A. Cosgrove, James Galloway, Anna L. Goodman, Amardeep Heer, Andrew Higham, Shalini Iyengar, Christopher Jeanes, Philip A. Kalra, Christina Kyriakidou, Judy M. Bradley, Chigomezgo Munthali, Angela M. Minassian, Fiona McGill, Patrick Moore, Imrozia Munsoor, Helen Nicholls, Orod Osanlou, Jonathan Packham, Carol H. Pretswell, Alberto San Francisco Ramos, Dinesh Saralaya, Ray P. Sheridan, Richard Smith, Roy L. Soiza, Pauline A. Swift, Emma C. Thomson, Jeremy Turner, Marianne Elizabeth Viljoen, Paul T. Heath, Irina Chis Ster
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 152 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 January 2024, e37
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To investigate the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, their dynamics and their discriminatory power for the disease using longitudinally, prospectively collected information reported at the time of their occurrence. We have analysed data from a large phase 3 clinical UK COVID-19 vaccine trial. The alpha variant was the predominant strain. Participants were assessed for SARS-CoV-2 infection via nasal/throat PCR at recruitment, vaccination appointments, and when symptomatic. Statistical techniques were implemented to infer estimates representative of the UK population, accounting for multiple symptomatic episodes associated with one individual. An optimal diagnostic model for SARS-CoV-2 infection was derived. The 4-month prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 2.1%; increasing to 19.4% (16.0%–22.7%) in participants reporting loss of appetite and 31.9% (27.1%–36.8%) in those with anosmia/ageusia. The model identified anosmia and/or ageusia, fever, congestion, and cough to be significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptoms’ dynamics were vastly different in the two groups; after a slow start peaking later and lasting longer in PCR+ participants, whilst exhibiting a consistent decline in PCR- participants, with, on average, fewer than 3 days of symptoms reported. Anosmia/ageusia peaked late in confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (day 12), indicating a low discrimination power for early disease diagnosis.
38 Fine Motor Skills in Pediatric Frontal Lobe Epilepsy are Associated with Executive Dysfunction and ADHD Symptomatology
- Moshe Maiman, Madison Berl, Jennifer I Koop, Donald J Bearden, Katrina Boyer, Crystal M Cooper, Amanda M Decrow, Priscilla H. Duong, Patricia Espe-Pfeifer, Marsha Gabriel, Elise Hodges, Kelly A McNally, Andrew Molnar, Emily Olsen, Kim E Ono, Kristina E Patrick, Brianna Paul, Jonathan Romain, Leigh N Sepeta, Rebecca LH Stilp, Greta N Wilkening, Mike Zaccariello, Frank Zelko, Clemente Vega, Trey Moore, Szimonetta Mulati, Phillip Pearl, Jeffrey Bolton, Alyssa Ailion
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 37-38
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Objective:
Pediatric patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) have higher rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as executive functioning (EF) and fine motor (FM) challenges. Relations between these constructs have been established in youth with ADHD and are supported by FM and EF skill involvement in frontal-subcortical systems. Still, they are not well understood in pediatric FLE. We hypothesized that poorer FM performance would be related to greater executive dysfunction and ADHD symptomatology in this group.
Participants and Methods:47 children and adolescents with FLE (AgeM=12.47, SD=5.18; IQM=84.07; SD=17.56; Age of Seizure OnsetM=6.85, SD=4.64; right-handed: n=34; left-handed: n=10; Unclear: n=3) were enrolled in the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium dataset as part of their phase I epilepsy surgical evaluation. Participants were selected if they had unifocal FLE and completed the Lafayette Grooved Pegboard (GP). Seizure lateralization (left-sided: n=19; right-sided: n=26; bilateral: n=2) and localization were established via data (e.g., EEG, MRI) presented at a multidisciplinary team case conference. Patients completed neuropsychological measures of FM, attention, and EF. Parents also completed questionnaires inquiring about their child’s everyday EF and ADHD symptomatology. Correlational analyses were conducted to examine FM, EF, and ADHD relations.
Results:Dominant hand (DH) manual dexterity (GP) was related to parent-reported EF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition [BRIEF-2]-Global Executive Composite [GEC]: r(15) =-.70, p<.01, d=1.96). While not statistically significant, medium to large effect sizes were found for GP DH and parent-reported inattention (Behavior Assessment System for Children, Third Edition [BASC-3]-Attention Problems: r(12)=-.39, p=.17, d=.85) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (BASC-3-Hyperactivity: r(11)= -.44, p=.13, d=.98), as well as performance-based attention (Conners Continuous Performance Test, Third Edition -Omission Errors: r(12)=-.35, p=.22, d=.41), working memory (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fifth Edition [WISC-V]-Digit Span [DS]: r(19)=.38, p=.09, d=.82) and cognitive flexibility (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Verbal Fluency Category Switching: r(13)=.46, p=.08, d=1.04); this suggests that these relations may exist but that our study was underpowered to detect them. Non-dominant hand (NDH) manual dexterity was related to performance-based working memory (WISC-V-DS: r(19)=.50, p<.01, d=1.12) and cognitive flexibility (D-KEFS-Trails Making Test Number-Letter Switching: r(17)=.64, p<.01, d=1.67). Again, while underpowered, medium to large effect sizes were found for GP NDH and parent-reported EF (BRIEF-2 GEC: r(15) =-.45, p=.07, d=1.01) and performance-based phonemic fluency (D-KEFS-Letter Fluency: r(13)=.31, p=.20, d=.65).
Conclusions:Our findings suggest that FM, EF, and ADHD are related in youth with FLE; however, these relations appear to vary by skill and hand. We posit that our findings are due in part to the frontal-cerebellar networks given their anatomic proximity between frontal motor areas and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - as well as their shared functional involvement in these networks. Future studies should evaluate the predictive validity of initial FM skills for later executive dysfunction and ADHD symptomatology in FLE. If such relations emerge, contributions of early FM interventions on EF development should be examined. Further replication of these findings with a larger sample is warranted.
Capturing the whole-school food environment in primary schools
- Sarah E Moore, Sarah F Brennan, Fiona Lavelle, Moira Dean, Michelle C McKinley, Dilara Olgacher, Patrick McCole, Ruth F Hunter, Laura Dunne, Niamh E O’Connell, Chris T Elliott, Danielle McCarthy, Jayne V Woodside
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 26 / Issue 8 / August 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 June 2023, pp. 1671-1678
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Objective:
The school food environment (SFE) is an ideal setting for encouraging healthy dietary behaviour. We aimed to develop an instrument to assess whole-SFE, test the instrument in the school setting and demonstrate its use to make food environment recommendations.
Design:SFE literature and UK school food guidance were searched to inform instrument items. The instrument consisted of (i) an observation proforma capturing canteen areas systems, food presentation and monitoring of food intake and (ii) a questionnaire assessing food policies, provision and activities. The instrument was tested in schools and used to develop SFE recommendations. Descriptive analyses enabled narrative discussion.
Setting:Primary schools.
Participants:An observation was undertaken at schools in urban and rural geographical regions of Northern Ireland of varying socio-economic status (n 18). School senior management completed the questionnaire with input from school caterers (n 16).
Results:The instrument captured desired detail and potential instrument modifications were identified. SFE varied. Differences existed between food policies and how policies were implemented and monitored. At many schools, there was scope to enhance physical eating environments (n 12, 67 %) and food presentation (n 15, 83 %); emphasise healthy eating through food activities (n 7, 78 %) and increase parental engagement in school food (n 9, 56 %).
Conclusions:The developed instrument can measure whole-SFE in primary schools and also enabled identification of recommendations to enhance SFE. Further assessment and adaptation of the instrument are required to enable future use as a research tool or for self-assessment use by schools.
Evaluation of electrical and mechanical Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) management in cucumber, peanut, and sweetpotato
- Levi D. Moore, Katherine M. Jennings, David W. Monks, Michael D. Boyette, Ramon G. Leon, David L. Jordan, Stephen J. Ippolito, Colton D. Blankenship, Patrick Chang
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / February 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 January 2023, pp. 53-59
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Field studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of physical weed management of Palmer amaranth management in cucumber, peanut, and sweetpotato. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial in which the first factor included a treatment method of electrical, mechanical, or hand-roguing Palmer amaranth control and the second factor consisted of treatments applied when Palmer amaranth was approximately 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, or 1.2 m above the crop canopy. Four wk after treatment (WAT), the electrical applications controlled Palmer amaranth at least 27 percentage points more than the mechanical applications when applied at the 0.3- and 0.6-m timings. At the 0.9- and 1.2-m application timings 4 WAT, electrical and mechanical applications controlled Palmer amaranth by at most 87%. Though hand removal generally resulted in the greatest peanut pod count and total sweetpotato yield, mechanical and electrical control resulted in similar yield to the hand-rogued plots, depending on the treatment timing. With additional research to provide insight into the optimal applications, there is potential for electrical control and mechanical control to be used as alternatives to hand removal. Additional studies were conducted to determine the effects of electrical treatments on Palmer amaranth seed production and viability. Treatments consisted of electricity applied to Palmer amaranth at first visible inflorescence, 2 wk after first visible inflorescence (WAI) or 4 WAI. Treatments at varying reproductive maturities did not reduce the seed production immediately after treatment. However, after treatment, plants primarily died and ceased maturation, reducing seed production assessed at 4 WAI by 93% and 70% when treated at 0 and 2 WAI, respectively. Treatments did not have a negative effect on germination or seedling length.
6 - Weil restriction for schemes and beyond
- Edited by Pieter Belmans, Université du Luxembourg, Wei Ho, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Aise Johan de Jong, Columbia University, New York
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- Stacks Project Expository Collection
- Published online:
- 06 October 2022
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- 27 October 2022, pp 194-221
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Summary
The aim of this note is to discuss the Weil restriction of schemes and algebraic spaces, highlighting pathological phenomena that appear in the theory and are not widely known. It is shown that the Weil restriction of a locally finite algebraic space along a finite flat morphism is an algebraic space.
Primary school-based food environment intervention for improved behaviour, food knowledge and dietary habits: results from Project Daire, a randomised-controlled, factorial design cluster trial evaluation
- Sarah F. Brennan, Fiona Lavelle, Sarah E. Moore, Moira Dean, Michelle C. McKinley, Patrick McCole, Ruth F. Hunter, Laura Dunne, Niamh E. O'Connell, Chris R. Cardwell, Chris T. Elliott, Danielle McCarthy, Jayne V. Woodside
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- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE3 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 October 2020, E738
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Childhood involvement in family food preparation and shopping and attitudes towards food: baseline results from Project Daire
- Sarah F. Brennan, Fiona Lavelle, Sarah E. Moore, Moira Dean, Michelle C. McKinley, Patrick McCole, Ruth F. Hunter, Laura Dunne, Niamh O'Connell, Chris R. Cardwell, Chris T. Elliott, Danielle McCarthy, Jayne V. Woodside
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- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E471
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Evidence suggests that dietary intake of UK children is currently suboptimal. It is therefore imperative to identify effective and sustainable methods of improving dietary habits and knowledge in this population, whilst also promoting the value of healthiness of food products beyond price. Schools are ideally placed to influence children's knowledge and health, and Project Daire, in partnership with schools, food industry partners and stakeholders, aims to improve children's knowledge of, and interest in, food to improve health, wellbeing and educational attainment.
Daire is a randomised-controlled, factorial design trial evaluating two interventions. In total, n = 880 Key Stage (KS) 1 and 2 pupils have been recruited from 18 primary schools in the North West of Northern Ireland and will be randomised to one of four 6-month intervention arms: i) ‘Engage’, ii) ‘Nourish’, iii) ‘Engage’ and ‘Nourish’ and iv) Delayed. ‘Engage’ is an age-appropriate, cross-curricular educational intervention on food, agriculture, science and careers linked to the current curriculum. ‘Nourish’ is an intervention aiming to alter schools’ food environments and increase exposure to local foods. Study outcomes include food knowledge, attitudes, trust, diet, behaviour, health and wellbeing and will be collected at baseline and six months. Qualitative data on teacher/pupil opinions will also be collected. The intervention phase is currently ongoing. We present baseline results from our involvement and food attitudes measure from all participating schools. Results were compared by Key Stage and sex using Pearson Chi-Squared test.
Baseline results from our food involvement and attitudes measure are presented for n = 880 KS1 (n = 454) and KS2 (n = 426) pupils. KS1 pupils were more likely to always or sometimes help with food shopping (89.0%) whilst KS2 pupils were more likely to always or sometimes help with food preparation (69.0%). A higher proportion of KS1 pupils reported liking to try new foods (66.1%) and that it was important that food looked (64.5%), tasted (71.1%) and smelled good (60.6%) compared with KS2 children (P < 0.01). Girls were more likely to always or sometimes help with food shopping (96.2%) and preparation (73%) when compared with boys; whilst a higher proportion of girls reported they liked to try new foods (48.2%) and that it was important that food looked (68%) smelled (50.5%) and tasted (71.8%) good compared with boys (P < 0.01).
Results suggest that involvement in food preparation and shopping, willingness to try new foods and attitudes towards food presentation varied by KS and sex in this cohort.
Detection of S-100β Protein in Plasma and Urine After a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
- Natalie Le Sage, Pier-Alexandre Tardif, Jérôme Frenette, Marcel Émond, Jean-Marc Chauny, Lynne Moore, Patrick Archambault, Jeffrey Perry, Antoine Boulanger-Piette
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- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 46 / Issue 5 / September 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 July 2019, pp. 599-602
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This study assessed whether S-100β protein could be measured in urine when detectable in plasma after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Clinical data, plasma and urine samples were collected for the 46 adult patients prospectively enrolled in the emergency department (ED) of a Level 1 trauma center. S-100β protein concentrations were analysed using ELISA. S-100β protein was detectable in 91% and 71% of plasma and urine samples, but values were not correlated (r = 0.002). Urine sampling would have been a non-invasive procedure, but it does not appear to be useful in the ED during the acute phase after an mTBI.
A review of literature on parallel constraint solving
- IAN P. GENT, IAN MIGUEL, PETER NIGHTINGALE, CIARAN MCCREESH, PATRICK PROSSER, NEIL C. A. MOORE, CHRIS UNSWORTH
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- Theory and Practice of Logic Programming / Volume 18 / Issue 5-6 / September 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 August 2018, pp. 725-758
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As multi-core computing is now standard, it seems irresponsible for constraints researchers to ignore the implications of it. Researchers need to address a number of issues to exploit parallelism, such as: investigating which constraint algorithms are amenable to parallelisation; whether to use shared memory or distributed computation; whether to use static or dynamic decomposition; and how to best exploit portfolios and cooperating search. We review the literature, and see that we can sometimes do quite well, some of the time, on some instances, but we are far from a general solution. Yet there seems to be little overall guidance that can be given on how best to exploit multi-core computers to speed up constraint solving. We hope at least that this survey will provide useful pointers to future researchers wishing to correct this situation.
Foreword to the first edition
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- By Patrick Moore, Selsey, Sussex
- Stephen James O'Meara
- Photographs by Mario Motta, American Association of Variable Star Observers
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- Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects
- Published online:
- 05 September 2016
- Print publication:
- 26 September 2016, pp vii-viii
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Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
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“Brain Death,” “Dead,” and Parental Denial-The Case of Jahi McMath—ERRATUM
- JOHN J. PARIS, BRIAN M. CUMMINGS, M. PATRICK MOORE, JR
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- Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics / Volume 23 / Issue 4 / October 2014
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- 05 August 2014, p. 481
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“Brain Death,” “Dead,” and Parental Denial: The Case of Jahi McMath
- JOHN J. PARIS, BRIAN M. CUMMINGS, M. PATRICK MOORE, JR.
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- Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics / Volume 23 / Issue 4 / October 2014
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- 17 July 2014, pp. 371-382
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This section provides reactions to current and emerging issues in bioethics.
Contributors
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- By Federico Agliardi, Andrea Alpiger, Gianluca Bianchi Fasani, Lars Harald Blikra, Brian D. Bornhold, Edward N. Bromhead, Marko H.K. Bulmer, D. Calvin Campbell, Marie Charrière, Masahiro Chigira, John J. Clague, John Coggan, Giovanni B. Crosta, Tim Davies, Marc-Henri Derron, Mark Diederichs, Erik Eberhardt, Carlo Esposito, Robin Fell, Paolo Frattini, Corey R. Froese, Monica Ghirotti, Valentin Gischig, James S. Griffiths, Stephen R. Hencher, Reginald L. Hermanns, Kris Holm, Seyyedmahdi Hosseyni, Niels Hovius, Christian Huggel, Florian Humair, Oldrich Hungr, D. Jean Hutchinson, Michel Jaboyedoff, Matthias Jakob, Julien Jakubowski, Randall W. Jibson, Katherine S. Kalenchuk, Nikolay Khabarov, Oliver Korup, Luca Lenti, Serge Leroueil, Simon Loew, Oddvar Longva, Patrick MacGregor, Andrew W. Malone, Salvatore Martino, Scott McDougall, Mika McKinnon, Mauri McSaveney, Patrick Meunier, Dennis Moore, Jeffrey R. Moore, David C. Mosher, Michael Obersteiner, Lucio Olivares, Thierry Oppikofer, Luca Pagano, Massimo Pecci, Andrea Pedrazzini, David Petley, Luciano Picarelli, David J.W. Piper, John Psutka, Nicholas J. Roberts, Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza, David Stapledon, Douglas Stead, Richard E. Thomson, Paolo Tommasi, J. Kenneth Torrance, Nobuyuki Torii, Gianfranco Urciuoli, Gonghui Wang, Christopher F. Waythomas, Malcolm Whitworth, Heike Willenberg, Xiyong Wu
- Edited by John J. Clague, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Douglas Stead, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
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- Landslides
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34 - Glossary
- Patrick Moore, British Astronomical Association, London, Robin Rees
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Summary
Aberration of starlight. As light does not move infinitely fast, but at a rate of practically 300 000 km s–1, and as the Earth is moving round the Sun at an average velocity of 25 km s–1, the stars appear to be shifted slightly from their true positions. The best analogy is to picture a man walking along in a rainstorm, holding an umbrella. If he wants to keep himself dry, he will have to slant the umbrella forward; similarly, starlight seems to reach us ‘from an angle’. Aberration may affect a star's position by up to 20.5 seconds of arc.
Ablation. The erosion of a surface by friction or vaporisation.
Absolute magnitude. The apparent magnitude that a star would have if it could be observed from a standard distance of 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years).
Absolute zero. The coldest theoretically possible temperature: –273.16 °C.
Accretion disc. A disc structure which forms round a spinning object when material falls on to it from beyond.
Achromatic object-glass. An object-glass which has been corrected so as to eliminate chromatic aberration or false colour as much as possible.
Aerolite. A meteorite whose main composition is stony.
Airglow. The light produced and emitted by the Earth's atmosphere (excluding meteor trains, thermal radiation, lightning and auroræ).
Albedo. The reflecting power of a planet or other non-luminous body. The Moon is a poor reflector; its albedo is a mere 7% on average.
Alfvén wave. A low-frequency travelling oscillation of the ions and the magnetic field of a plasma.
3 - The Moon
- Patrick Moore, British Astronomical Association, London, Robin Rees
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Summary
The Moon is officially ranked as the Earth's satellite. Relative to its primary, it is however extremely large and massive, and it might well be more appropriate to regard the Earth–Moon system as a double planet. Data are given in Table 3.1.
The synodic period (i.e. the interval between successive new moons or successive full moons) is 29d 12h 44m, so that generally there is one full moon every month. However, it sometimes happens that there are two full moons in a calendar month and one month (February) may have none. Thus in 1999 there were two full moons in January (on the 2nd and the 31st), none in February and two again in March (on the 2nd and the 31st as with January). By tradition a second full moon in a month is known as a blue moon, but this has nothing whatsoever to with a change in colour. (This is not an old tradition. It comes from the misinterpretation of comments made in an American periodical, the Maine Farmers' Almanac, in 1937.) Yet the Moon can occasionally look blue, due to conditions in the Earth's atmosphere. For example, this happened on 26 September 1950, because of dust in the upper air raised by vast forest fires in Canada. A blue moon was seen on 27 August 1883 caused by material sent up by the volcanic outburst at Krakatoa, and green moons were seen in Sweden in 1884 – at Kalmar, on 14 February, for 8 min, and at Stockholm on 12 January, also for 3 min.
26 - Galaxies
- Patrick Moore, British Astronomical Association, London, Robin Rees
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Messier's catalogue contained many ‘nebulæ’, but spectroscopic work carried out during the 1860s by William Huggins, a brilliant English amateur, showed that there were two different types. Some, such as M 42 in Orion, were gaseous, while others, such as M 31, were apparently made up of stars. As long ago as 1755, Immanuel Kant had suggested that the starry nebulæ might be ‘island universes’ at vast distances, but there was no obvious way of deciding, and it was more generally believed that all nebulæ were members of the Milky Way.
There was a major development in 1845, when the third Earl of Rosse, using his remarkable home-made 72-inch reflector at Birr Castle in Ireland, found that M 51, in the constellation of Canes Venatici, was spiral in form; we now call it the Whirlpool. Other spirals were soon found, although for some years only the Birr telescope was capable of showing them as such. Other starry nebulæ were spherical, looking very like globular clusters, while others were elliptical or irregular. All were too far away to show measurable parallax, but in 1898 Agnes Clerke, a leading astronomical historian, referred to the island-universe theory as ‘a half-forgotten speculation’.
In 1920 there was a famous debate between two leading American astronomers, Harlow Shapley and Heber D. Curtis. By studying short-period variables in globular clusters, Shapley had given the first reasonably accurate value for the size of the Milky Way system, but he regarded the spirals as minor features of our Galaxy, while Curtis believed them to be external.
8 - Minor members of the Solar System
- Patrick Moore, British Astronomical Association, London, Robin Rees
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Summary
‘The asteroids are of no interest to the amateur observer; in fact they are of very little interest to anybody.’ So wrote G. F. Chambers, a well-known astronomical author, in 1898. A German professional astronomer, whose name does not seem to have been preserved, even described them as ‘vermin of the skies’, because his photographs were often found to be streaked with unwanted asteroid tracks. The modern view is very different. The asteroids are of immense interest and importance, and indeed one major observatory, the Klĕt Observatory in the Czech Republic, is devoted mainly to studies of them.
These minor ‘planets’ are now divided into two classes: dwarf planets, and Small Solar System Bodies (SSSBs). Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter lies what is termed the Main Belt of what are still universally called asteroids, the largest of which, Ceres, has been elevated to dwarf planet status. All dwarf planets and SSSBs are given numbers, usually (not always) in order of discovery. 1 Ceres was found in 1801, and three more Main Belt objects were discovered before the end of 1807: 2 Pallas, 3 Juno and 4 Vesta. With Ceres they make up the so-called ‘Big Four’, though in fact the fourth largest asteroid is 10 Hygiea, with Juno only fourteenth in order of size. Of the entire Main Belt swarm, only Vesta is ever easily seen with the naked eye.
Preface
- Patrick Moore, British Astronomical Association, London, Robin Rees
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The ancestor of this book was published more than half a century ago as the Guiness Book of Records in Astronomy. It went through five editions, and was then transformed into the Astronomy Data Book published by the Institute of Physics. By this time it had ceased to be merely lists of facts and had become much more general, and many observatories began using it as a book of quick reference. Now, 10 years later, there has been another transformation. The essential basic plan has been retained, but the text has been largely rewritten with all new data, and the tables have been enlarged and brought up to date. I pay tribute here to Robin Rees without whom I am quite certain that this book would never have seen the light of day. Invaluable help has also been given by Iain Nicolson who read the entire manuscript very carefully – though I hasten to add that any remaining errors are entirely my own.
So far as bringing the text up to date is concerned, the cut-off date is 1 December, 2010. I hope that will be acceptable.